Genetic and morphological studies have confirmed the existence of two previously unrecognized chameleon species in Madagascar, including the iconic “Pinocchio” chameleon, now formally named Calumma pinocchio. An international research team, led by zoologist Frank Glaw, published their findings in the journal Salamandra, shedding light on the complex evolution of these unique reptiles.
Madagascar: A Hotspot of Chameleon Diversity
Madagascar is home to over 40% of the world’s known chameleon species, making it a critical region for herpetological research. The “Pinocchio” chameleon, characterized by its unusually elongated snout, has been known for nearly 150 years but was previously misclassified within the Calumma gallus species complex. The distinctive nasal appendage was the primary feature used for identification, but recent genetic analysis reveals a far more complex reality.
Genetic Evidence Confirms New Species
The researchers determined that the animal commonly referred to as the “Pinocchio” chameleon represents a distinct species, warranting its formal scientific name Calumma pinocchio. This reclassification aligns the common and scientific names, resolving a long-standing ambiguity. Further genetic analysis of historical specimens uncovered another previously unrecognized species, Calumma hofreiteri, which had been incorrectly classified as Calumma nasutum.
Rapid Evolution and Female Mate Choice
According to Dr. Glaw, the genetic results are conclusive: “The nose chameleons have virtually fooled previous research.” The study also suggests that the nasal appendages may evolve rapidly in response to female mate selection. The length, shape, and color of these appendages could be driven by female preferences, leading to accelerated evolution in these traits.
Museomics: Reclassifying Historical Specimens
The reclassification was made possible by “museomics,” a technique that extracts DNA from ancient museum specimens. The team analyzed samples dating back to 1836, providing a unique opportunity to re-evaluate historical classifications. According to Prof. Miguel Vences, this method demonstrates the potential for correcting misidentified specimens in complex species groups.
Expanding Madagascar’s Biodiversity
With these two new descriptions, the total number of known chameleon species in Madagascar reaches 100, contributing to a global total of 236 species worldwide. This discovery highlights the ongoing need for detailed genetic and morphological studies to accurately document biodiversity in threatened ecosystems.
The study underscores how even well-known species can harbor hidden complexity, and how advanced techniques like museomics can rewrite our understanding of natural history. The findings serve as a reminder that biodiversity research is an evolving process, and that ongoing investigation is essential for preserving the planet’s unique ecosystems
