Greenland is attracting interest for its potential mineral wealth, particularly rare earth elements (REEs). These materials are critical for modern technologies, from smartphones and electric vehicles to defense systems. But how significant is Greenland’s REE deposit compared to global reserves? And why is this topic gaining attention now?
What are Rare Earth Elements?
Rare earth elements aren’t actually rare in the Earth’s crust, but they are rarely found in concentrated deposits that are economically viable to mine. They comprise 17 chemically similar elements, including scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide series. These elements possess unique magnetic, luminescent, and catalytic properties that make them indispensable for high-tech manufacturing.
Greenland’s Geological Profile
For over 30 years, Professor Adrian Finch of St Andrews University has studied Greenland’s geology. His research shows that while Greenland does contain REEs, their concentration and accessibility vary significantly. The Kvanefjeld deposit in southern Greenland is one of the most promising sites, holding an estimated 575,000 tonnes of REEs, including dysprosium and terbium – elements vital for high-strength magnets.
Why the Renewed Interest?
The heightened interest in Greenland’s minerals stems from several factors:
- Strategic Competition: China currently dominates the REE market, controlling over 60% of global production. Diversifying supply chains is a priority for the U.S. and Europe to reduce dependence on a single source.
- Technological Demand: The transition to renewable energy and electric vehicles is driving up demand for REEs exponentially. Permanent magnets made from these elements are essential for wind turbines and EV motors.
- Geopolitical Concerns: Access to critical minerals is becoming a national security issue. Securing domestic or allied sources of supply reduces vulnerability to trade disruptions.
Challenges and Controversies
Mining in Greenland faces environmental hurdles and local opposition. The Kvanefjeld project, for example, has faced pushback due to concerns about radioactive waste and potential ecological damage. The Danish territory’s governance structures also add complexity: Greenland is autonomous but relies heavily on Denmark for funding and infrastructure.
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