A groundbreaking study of ancient DNA from Siberian mummies reveals remarkable genetic stability among the Yakut people, even as Russia expanded into their territory. The research, published in Nature, challenges common narratives of colonial conquest by demonstrating that the Yakuts resisted demographic absorption and retained their cultural practices – including shamanism – for centuries.
Genetic Continuity Despite External Pressure
For nearly two decades, archaeologists have excavated over 122 naturally mummified Yakut individuals from sites across the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), one of the coldest regions on Earth. The DNA analysis confirms oral histories placing the Yakut presence in the region as far back as the 12th-13th centuries. Crucially, unlike many colonial encounters, the genetic makeup of the Yakuts remained largely unchanged despite Russian expansion beginning in 1632.
This is a notable divergence from patterns observed in places like the Americas, where colonization often resulted in significant population decline and genetic mixing. Researchers attribute this resilience to the extreme logistical challenges of settling Siberia, which limited large-scale demographic replacement.
The Last Shaman: A Genetic Anomaly
Among the remains, the team identified the burial of a female shaman from the late 18th century, dubbed “UsSergue1.” Her grave contained traditional artifacts, including a red woolen dress and a “bride’s belt,” alongside horse skeletons buried as offerings. The shamaness’ DNA revealed a surprising degree of inbreeding: her parents were second-degree relatives.
While the exact nature of this relationship remains unknown (half-siblings, aunt/nephew, or grandparent/grandchild are possibilities), the high level of consanguinity within this individual stands out. The study notes she was also from the most powerful clan, suggesting possible elite practices. However, researchers emphasize that inbreeding wasn’t a requirement for shamanistic roles, as other shaman burials show no such genetic patterns.
Preservation of Culture and Microbiome
Beyond genetics, the study also analyzed the Yakuts’ oral microbiomes. Despite the introduction of new foods like barley and tobacco by Russian settlers, the microbial composition remained remarkably stable over time. This suggests a strong cultural resistance to dietary shifts, reinforcing the overall picture of a community that maintained its traditions in the face of external pressure.
The Yakut genetic heritage has remained remarkably stable from the 16th century to today, indicating no conquest through demographic replacement.
This research underscores that colonial resistance doesn’t always manifest in open warfare. In the case of the Yakuts, it took the form of genetic and cultural preservation, defying expectations of assimilation in one of the world’s most unforgiving environments.
